# Tesofensine: Evidence, Mechanism, Dosing & Legal Status

> A clinical monograph on tesofensine (NS2330) — the triple monoamine reuptake inhibitor sold through gray-market 'peptide' channels for weight loss. Real Phase 2 RCT data, no approval anywhere, and WADA-prohibited in 2026.

*Published 2026-06-30 · Updated 2026-07-01 · By Marcus Feld, PharmD, BCPS*

The short answer
Tesofensine (NS2330) is **not a peptide** — it is a small-molecule triple monoamine (dopamine-norepinephrine-serotonin) reuptake inhibitor with *genuine* Phase 2 obesity RCT data showing roughly 10% placebo-subtracted weight loss at 0.5 mg/day. Its highest evidence grade is **B** (Phase 2; no published Phase 3, no approval anywhere). The headline liability is a dose-dependent rise in heart rate and blood pressure, and it is prohibited in sport.[1](https://peptidevox.com/#r1)[7](https://peptidevox.com/#r7)

Tesofensine is cross-listed in this peptide reference for one reason only: it is aggressively marketed and sold through the same gray-market "research peptide" and weight-loss-compound channels as true peptides like semaglutide and AOD-9604. Chemically it has nothing in common with them. This monograph separates what the human trials actually show from how the compound is sold.[6](https://peptidevox.com/#r6)

*This article is informational and editorial content for research and educational purposes only. It is not medical advice, not a protocol to follow, and not a sourcing guide. Tesofensine is not approved by the FDA or EMA anywhere and is prohibited in sport. Dosing figures are reported strictly as seen in the published literature and clinical trials for completeness — not as recommendations. Consult a licensed clinician before any health decision.*

## What is tesofensine and how does it work?

Tesofensine is a single small organic molecule of the phenyltropane family (molecular formula C17H23Cl2NO), structurally in the same broad class as cocaine analogs and other phenyltropane reuptake inhibitors. It contains no amino acids and no peptide bonds, so it is categorically not a peptide — the "weight-loss peptide" framing applied to it in supplement marketing is simply false.[6](https://peptidevox.com/#r6) It was originally developed by NeuroSearch (the program later moving to Saniona) for Parkinson's and Alzheimer's disease, where it failed for efficacy; the pronounced weight loss observed as a "side effect" in those neurological trials is what redirected it toward obesity.[6](https://peptidevox.com/#r6)

Mechanistically, tesofensine is a triple monoamine reuptake inhibitor (SNDRI): it blocks the presynaptic transporters for dopamine (DAT), norepinephrine (NET) and serotonin (SERT), raising synaptic levels of all three monoamines. In rat brain synaptosomes, uptake was inhibited with potencies of roughly 6.5 nM (dopamine), 1.7 nM (norepinephrine) and 11 nM (serotonin), with the major human metabolite NS2360 even more potent.[4](https://peptidevox.com/#r4) The proximate appetite mechanism, studied preclinically, is indirect: in diet-induced obese rats the appetite-suppressing effect was largely reversed by the alpha1-adrenoceptor antagonist prazosin and partially blocked by the dopamine D1 antagonist SCH23390, implicating indirect alpha1-adrenergic and D1-dopaminergic stimulation as the drivers of reduced food intake.[4](https://peptidevox.com/#r4) In humans the effect is attributed to dose-dependent appetite suppression plus increased nocturnal energy expenditure, and a human PET study confirmed dose-dependent dopamine-transporter blockade across 0.125-1 mg — confirming central target engagement at clinical doses.[5](https://peptidevox.com/#r5) A defining pharmacokinetic feature is the extremely long half-life: roughly 220 hours (about 9 days) for the parent compound and about 374 hours (16 days) for the active metabolite, so steady state is reached only after about 5-6 weeks of daily dosing, making both onset and offset slow.[6](https://peptidevox.com/#r6)

## What is the evidence by indication?

Unlike most compounds in the gray-market peptide space, tesofensine has real human randomized controlled trial data — but it is capped at Phase 2, with no peer-reviewed Phase 3 publication and no regulatory approval anywhere. The table below summarizes the evidence by indication.

  Tesofensine evidence by indication

    IndicationBest evidenceGrade

    General obesity / weight lossTIPO-1 Phase 2 RCT (n~372); ~4.5/9.2/10.6% placebo-subtracted loss at 0.25/0.5/1.0 mg over 24 wkB (Phase 2)
    Hypothalamic obesity (Tesomet)Phase 2 RCT (n=21); -6.3% placebo-subtracted (P=0.017); no HR/BP/QTc change with metoprololB (small Phase 2)
    Parkinson's & Alzheimer's diseaseOriginal indications; trials showed limited efficacyAbandoned
    Energy / metabolism / body recompositionGray-market and supplement marketing onlyD (marketing)

The pivotal trial is TIPO-1, a 24-week double-blind, placebo-controlled Phase 2 RCT in about 372 obese patients randomized across placebo and 0.25, 0.5 and 1.0 mg/day, all on a hypocaloric diet and exercise counseling. It showed dose-dependent, placebo-subtracted mean weight loss of roughly 4.5%, 9.2% and 10.6% at the three doses — described as roughly double the efficacy of obesity drugs approved at that time (sibutramine, rimonabant), with absolute losses around 6.7, 11.3 and 12.8 kg versus about 2.2 kg on placebo.[1](https://peptidevox.com/#r1)[3](https://peptidevox.com/#r3) The reason this is graded B rather than A is straightforward: it is essentially a single pivotal Phase 2 RCT, the Phase 3 program run by Medix in Mexico has not been published in a peer-reviewed journal, and there is no FDA, EMA or Cofepris approval as of 2026.[10](https://peptidevox.com/#r10)

The second human data set addresses hypothalamic obesity. A 24-week double-blind, placebo-controlled Phase 2 RCT randomized 21 adults to "Tesomet" (0.5 mg tesofensine plus 50 mg metoprolol once daily) or placebo. It showed placebo-subtracted weight loss of -6.3% (95% CI -11.3 to -1.3; P=0.017), with at least 5% loss in 8 of 13 Tesomet patients versus 1 of 8 on placebo. Critically, adding metoprolol meant no significant between-group difference in heart rate, blood pressure or QTc — directly addressing tesofensine's main liability — though the small sample (n=21) keeps confidence modest.[2](https://peptidevox.com/#r2) Beyond appetite-mediated weight loss, claims about energy, metabolism, body recomposition or longevity are unproven, marketing-level (Grade D) framings — the same context in which regulators warn the compound is appearing illicitly in dietary supplements. The registry record for the hypothalamic-obesity program can be reviewed at [ClinicalTrials.gov](https://clinicaltrials.gov/) for readers who want the primary trial documentation.[7](https://peptidevox.com/#r7)

## What doses appear in the literature?

Reported strictly as information, not a protocol. As a small molecule, tesofensine is taken orally once daily and is *not* reconstituted or injected like a peptide — the gray-market injectable "tesofensine" framing is inconsistent with how the compound was actually studied.[1](https://peptidevox.com/#r1) The doses studied in TIPO-1 were 0.25, 0.5 and 1.0 mg/day, with 0.5 mg/day emerging as the lead obesity dose because it delivered close to 10% weight loss with a more tolerable adverse-event profile than 1.0 mg.[1](https://peptidevox.com/#r1) The combination program used "Tesomet" — 0.5 mg tesofensine plus 50 mg metoprolol once daily — with the beta-blocker added specifically to blunt the heart-rate and blood-pressure rise.[2](https://peptidevox.com/#r2) Because of the roughly 9-day parent half-life (and 16-day active metabolite), steady state is only reached after about 5-6 weeks, so titration and effect assessment are inherently slow and effects persist long after stopping.[6](https://peptidevox.com/#r6)

## How safe is tesofensine?

The headline safety concern is cardiovascular. Tesofensine monotherapy produced dose-dependent increases in heart rate and blood pressure — the central liability of a centrally acting noradrenergic and dopaminergic stimulant, and the explicit reason the later combination program bolted on metoprolol.[3](https://peptidevox.com/#r3) In the metoprolol-combined Tesomet trial, heart rate, blood pressure and QTc showed no significant between-group change, indicating the beta-blocker can offset the sympathomimetic effect.[2](https://peptidevox.com/#r2) Common adverse events, consistent with the drug class, include insomnia and sleep disturbance, dry mouth, nausea, constipation, dizziness and headache; in Tesomet, sleep disturbance, dry mouth and headache were notably more frequent than placebo.[2](https://peptidevox.com/#r2) Reviews also flagged a possible increase in psychiatric effects, including depressed mood, and one Tesomet patient discontinued for exacerbated pre-existing anxiety.[3](https://peptidevox.com/#r3)

Mechanistic and theoretical risks compound the picture: serotonin-syndrome risk if combined with other serotonergic agents (SSRIs, SNRIs, MAOIs, triptans); hypertensive or arrhythmic risk in cardiovascular disease; and, as a CYP3A4 substrate, exposure can rise with CYP3A4 inhibitors such as azole antifungals, certain macrolides and grapefruit.[6](https://peptidevox.com/#r6) By drug class — there is no approved label — it is cautioned in uncontrolled hypertension, ischemic heart disease or arrhythmia, anxiety and psychiatric disorders, and in pregnancy and lactation, where no human safety data exist. The cardiovascular and blood-pressure liability is a particular concern for older adults and anyone with cardiovascular risk.[3](https://peptidevox.com/#r3)

## What is the FDA and WADA status in 2026?

Tesofensine is not approved by the FDA for any indication and is investigational only — there is no NDA approval and no Orange Book listing as an approved product. The combination "Tesomet" received FDA orphan-drug designation for Prader-Willi syndrome (March 2021) and hypothalamic obesity (July 2021), but orphan designation is a development incentive, not marketing approval.[9](https://peptidevox.com/#r9) It is not an FDA-approved drug and is not on the FDA list of bulk drug substances eligible for compounding, so legitimate pharmacy compounding of tesofensine is not authorized. Internationally it is likewise not approved by the EMA; the Medix Phase 3 program in Mexico has not been published in a peer-reviewed journal, and as of 2026 Cofepris had not approved it for obesity.[10](https://peptidevox.com/#r10)

For athletes the picture is unambiguous. Tesofensine was added to the WADA Prohibited List under category S6 (Stimulants) as a named example, in force since the 2025 List and carried into 2026, with WADA and USADA specifically warning that it has appeared on dietary-supplement labels.[7](https://peptidevox.com/#r7)[8](https://peptidevox.com/#r8) It is not a DEA-scheduled controlled substance in the US (it is unapproved and investigational, not scheduled), but material sold online is marketed as a "research chemical" or compounded "peptide-channel" weight-loss product — unregulated for identity and purity, and not a legal medicine for human use.[6](https://peptidevox.com/#r6)

**Bottom line.** Tesofensine is a genuinely potent, genuinely studied anti-obesity small molecule — and it is not a peptide. The human evidence is real but capped at Grade B: a single substantive Phase 2 RCT showing about 10% placebo-subtracted weight loss at 0.5 mg/day, plus a small Phase 2 RCT validating the metoprolol-combined Tesomet. What is proven is dose-dependent appetite suppression and weight loss with target engagement confirmed by human PET; the catch is dose-dependent rises in heart rate and blood pressure, insomnia and possible mood effects, plus a roughly 9-day half-life. Anything beyond appetite-mediated weight loss is hype, and there is no approval anywhere, no published Phase 3, and a WADA prohibition — so its real-world circulation is gray-market material, best regarded as investigational, not a self-administration option. Regulatory facts here are current as of June 2026 and should be re-verified for later developments.

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Source: https://peptidevox.com/peptide-encyclopedia/tesofensine
Index: https://peptidevox.com/llms.txt · Full text: https://peptidevox.com/llms-full.txt